Essay on public finance and policy solution gruber

Solutions and Activities to CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL SECURITY Questions and Problems 1. The government of Westlovakia has just reformed its social security system. This reform changed two aspects of the system: (1) It abolished its actuarial reduction for early retirement, and (2) it reduced the payroll tax by half for workers who continued to work beyond the early retirement age. Would the average retirement age for Weslovakian workers increase or decrease in response to these two changes, or can you tell? Explain your answer. The first policy change, abolishing the actuarial reduction, would tend to lower the average retirement age. The actuarial reduction is intended to make workers approximately indifferent between†¦show more content†¦This offset may not be huge, though. The highest-earning workers would not increase their benefits by very much due to the redistributive nature of the calculations. Low-wage earners who have zero or very-low-wage years among the 40 would have a lower average on which to base the benefit calculation. In addition, by including 5 more years, people who did not delay retirement would have an even lower calculated benefit: their lifetime average would include those low-wage summer or entry-level jobs. 4. Suppose the Social Security payroll tax was increased today to 16.4% in order to solve the 75-year fiscal imbalance in the program. Explain the effect of this change on the value of the Social Security program for persons of different ages, earning levels, and sexes. An increase in the payroll tax would reduce the value of Social Security for younger workers relative to older workers. Older workers would benefit from having a more secure plan, and they wouldn’t have to pay in at the higher rate for very long. Younger workers would have to pay the higher rate over many more years, and their benefit calculation would not increase (because the increase in taxes is meant to keep the current system solvent, not to increase benefits). The very-highest-earning workers would not be harmed as much as lower-earning workers because the payroll tax is not imposed on earnings above $87,900 (currently); however, theirShow MoreRelatedMedicare : A Federally Administered Health Insurance Program1423 Words   |  6 Pagescoverage for the elderly that were a part of the high risk category; this left them very vulnerable against the high costs of being ill (Staff of the Office of Program Evaluation and Planning). 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It also includes the study of the determinants of demand for health itself, global public health problems, and the nonmedical inputs into health, such as a decent living standard, education, physical and social environment, and personal lifestyle choices, to the extent that they are exogenous (e. g., independent of ones health status)Read MoreThe Cause of Globalization18688 Words   |  75 PagesCAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES / August-September 2000 The most important causes of globalization differ among the three major components of international market integration: trade, multinational production, and international finance. The information technology revolution has made it very difficult for governments to control cross-border capital movements, even if they have political incentives to do so. Governments can still restrict the multinationalization of production, butRead MoreSelected Topics24764 Words   |  100 Pagesexplained in the following step. Initially, this procedure involves choosing the relevant variables that individuals are must likely to use in forming expectations about monetary policy. These variables are used to estimate the anticipated portion of policy actions while the residuals represent the unanticipated portion of the policy actions. In other words, anticipated variables based on fitted values whilst unanticipated ones related with the residuals. To separate these variables into the anticipatedRead MoreA Financial Perspective on Mergers and Acquisitions and the Economy19349 Words   |  78 Pageshave assumed that the deals with no announced prices were on average equal to 20 percent of the size of the announced transactions and carried the same average premium. *Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, and Professor of Finance and Business Administration, University of Rochester. 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What is Love to Me - 464 Words

(HOOK) What is love? Everyone in this world thinks that love is all about expensive things such as clothes, electronics, and definitely money. This writer personally thinks that love is all about family, friends, siblings, and of course our God. (CI) This essay is about how love can be positive and negative in each and everybody’s lives. (GS1) One thing that this writer personally loves is the love of siblings. (GS2) The second thing that this writer loves is the love of friends. (GS3) The last thing that this writer loves is the love of parents. (THESIS) Overall, this writer loves many things, but this writer has (I) the love of siblings, (II) the love of friends, and (III) the love of parents. (TOPIC SENTENCE) This writer has many things that are loved in life, but one out of the three that are loved is the love of siblings. (MA) A positive thing that comes from the love of siblings is that they always spend time with us. (m1 for MA) One type of thing that siblings can do to spend more time with us is to go out and do fun things. Some of those fun things could be going to the movies together, going out to eat together, going to a game of some sort together and more. There is more than one way we can spend time with our siblings. (m2 for MA) Another reason why our siblings spend time with us is because our siblings always help us out no matter what. If we are in a certain situation that we cannot make on our own, we know the love of our siblings can get usShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Me Love?888 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at what love means everybody has a different interpretation of what it is and what it means to them. During our lifetime, we will experience several different types of loves that range from love for our family, friends and lovers. We will show our love for those we care about in many different ways. 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Introduction to Business Law Independent Legal Law

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Business Law for Independent Legal Law. Answer: 1: Mr. and Mrs. Amadio had raised three causes of actions in this case. (i) Therefore, they pointed out that when they had signed the document for the bank, no independent legal advice was provided to them even when the bank new regarding the fact of their lack of experience in business matters. (ii) Similarly, the bank manager also knew regarding the fact that in the opinion of Mr. and Mrs. Amadio, the company of their son was doing very well. In the same way, they also raise the cause of action that they were not well versed in English language and were in advance years of age. (iii) The third cause of action raised by Mr. and Mrs. Amadio was that when they had entered into the contract, they were under the impression that their liability for the guarantee given by them was restricted to $50,000. Therefore, they were not aware of the fact that their liability was unlimited and at the same time, they were not told regarding this fact by the bank. 2: When the Appeal Court had reversed the judgment, it was of the opinion that in this case, an obligation was present on part of the bank to tell Mr. and Mrs. Amadio regarding the real financial condition of the company that their son was running when the elderly couple was going to provide a guarantee for their son. In this context, the appeal court also mentioned that the manager of the bank had made misrepresentation which can be attributed to the bank. Similarly, another finding on the basis of age, the court has reversed the judgment was that in the present situation, the transaction can be termed as unconscionable and as a result, it was required under equity that really should be provided to Mr. and Mrs. Amadio by the court. 3: While delivering the judgment, Justice Gibbs stated that in the present situation, in view of the fact that the bank knew that as potential guarantors, there was a particular disability present one part of Mr. and Mrs. Amadio, it was required that the real statement of accounts of the company run by their son should have been told by the Bank to the elderly couple when they were going to stand as guarantors for the business. 4: There were certain facts due to which, Gibbs J arrived at the conclusion that the bank should have told certain facts to Mr. and Mrs. Amadio. (i) These included the fact according to which, any person who is going to provide a guarantee for any customer of the bank will not imagine that the credit of such customer with the bank is not satisfactory or that the customer has overthrown the account. (ii) But to the contrary, in this case although the company managed by the son of Mr. and Mrs. Amadio was going to financial problems because it had exceeded its overdraft on a number of times and the cheques issued by this company were also not honored. These facts in themselves are sufficient to reveal the financial position of the company. Hence, Gibbs J. suggested that the circumstances require that a disclosure should have been made to Mr. and Mrs. Amadio in the event when they are going to provide guarantee for the company. 5: The legal ratio on the basis of which Gibbs J. arrived at the conclusion that it was not likely that a person who is going to provide surety for the past and the future liabilities of a particular Corporation will expect that there is any agreement created between such company and the bank which will have such unusual terms. Gibbs J. also noted the fact that the cheques issued by the company were being regularly dishonored, the bank continued with the select dishonored of the cheques with a view to maintain a facade of a successful company when the reality was that insolvency was glaring the company in its face. 6: The legal ratio on the basis of which, Mason J. had given his decision was the fact that in case of the relief granted for unconscionable conduct, it is generally presumed to be dealing with the cases where one party enjoys a superior bargaining power that is capable of being used unconsciously by the party, resulting in a detriment to the other party. At the same time, making his point clear, Mason J. also mentioned the difference that exists between undue influence and unconscionable conduct. Therefore he said that in this case, even if the other party has claimed that independent and voluntary will of the innocent party was present yet, under the circumstances it can be said that and unconscionable advantage has been taken by the bank regarding the visibility of Mr. and Mrs. Amadio. 7: There was a difference present between the legal ratio adopted by Mason J. and the legal issue on which the decision of Gibbs J. was based upon. Therefore, while delivering the decision, Gibbs J. noted the fact related with the failure on the part of the plan to disclose certain relevant facts to Mr. and Mrs. Amadio and stated that it can be treated as a misrepresentation although it was not intentional but still it was related with most of the transaction that took place between the bank and the elderly couple. On the other hand, the ratio behind the judgment given by Mason J. was based on the unconscionable conduct in which the bank was involved. 8: There were certain facts related to the position of the bank and also regarding the position of the couple which were identified by Mason J. as satisfying the legal test. Therefore, Mason J. stated on the basis of the following facts that the legal test has been satisfied in this case was the fact that the elderly couple was more than 70 years of age. Moreover, they were not very fluent in English. The other facts included the fact that the couple did not have any considerable business experience. At the same time, it was also noted by the court that the elderly couple was under the impression that their son's company was doing very well and therefore the need for the funds was only temporary. The court also looked at the fact that in such a situation, the bank knew very well that the company was facing financial problems. 9: For the purpose of describing the difference that can be found between undue influence and unconscionable conduct, Mason J. pointed out the fact that when undue influence is involved, the will of the innocent party cannot be described as free and Independent. On the other hand, when the matter arises due to unconscionable conduct, even if free and independent will of the innocent parties present, however the other party has taken an unconscionable advantage of the fact that the other party is suffering from a special disadvantage. However the reasoning of Deane J. was different. According to him, when undue influence is involved, the court has to evaluate the quality of the ascent of the weaker party. But when the matter is based on unconscionable conduct, the court has to look at the conduct of the stronger party. 10: The decision given by Deane J was based on the legal ratio according to which, the fact was noted that Mr. and Mrs. Amadio were not in a position to fully comprehend the nature and effect of the transaction in which they were entering into. Similarly, Deane J. also noted the fact that under the circumstances, it was very important that independent advice should have been provided to the elderly couple regarding the significance for the surety to look at the financial position of the other party, for which they are going to provide guarantee and also to find if any unusual features were present in the account of such a party. On the basis of these reasons, Deane J. arrived at the conclusion that if this information would have been provided to the elderly couple, they would not have stood as guarantors for the company of their son. Hence, he stated that it was clear that in this case, Mr. and Mrs. Amadio could not comprehend the nature and effect of this transaction and at the same time, the bank was aware of this fact. Due to these reasons, Deane J. arrived at the conclusion that the transaction was unjust and unfair. 11: a dissenting judgment was given by Dawson J. He pointed out the circumstances when it can be considered that the bank will be liable towards the guarantor, if the guarantor has been induced to provide guarantee on the basis of a misrepresentation. In such cases, the test that can be used is to see if the guarantors should have made inquiries from the bank related with the state of account of the other party for which they were going to stand as guarantors. Therefore, he stated that there was no duty one part of the bank to provide information to the potential surety regarding the state of account of its customer. Case Law Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14

Viverra Motors Company Operations Management

Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Purchasing and inventory management differences Possible solutions to the problems Restructuring suggestions Conclusion References Executive Summary Operation management is a branch of management which deals with purchasing and inventory management. It also touches on design and overseeing various business operations. It is concerned with the steps that are necessary to supply chain management.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Viverra Motors Company Operations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Viverra Motors is a company that had committed some essential business operation errors. In order to circumvent these challenges the company’s purchasing and inventory systems should be adjusted. These adjustments will have far reaching effects on the future development of the company. The recommendations that will be provided in this paper include improv ing transportation and logistics, purchasing and inventory management. However, first of all, the company should reduce new acquisitions. In order to do this, the company should identify areas of competency and pay more attention to these areas. The company can also outsource the services that other companies can offer without compromising on quality. Introduction Operation management is a branch of business that deals with the movement of products through the production chain. It also deals with the processes involved in the acquisition of raw materials, as well as the processes that are involved into production of the end products. Major levels of operation management are strategic, tactical, and operational. Strategic level deals with all activities and decisions that go into production chains. It involves decisions concerning size and location of plants. Purchasing and inventory management differences Each dealership is supplied by a different supplier and deals with different s uppliers in the process of car production. Each dealership should therefore be strengthened to make decisions might have a positive effect on the process of car production.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each supplier has its own strengths and weaknesses and the company’s dealerships should deal with the suppliers on an individual basis. As a consequence, each dealership of a company should design a unique supply chain management system to fit its current position (Cooper Ellram, 1993). The core areas of operation management are: Supply Chains—this involves the management of all aspects of management that are involved into providing goods to customers. The emphasis is laid on the processes of acquisition of raw materials to the end of a products’ life. All the stages that go into the product life cycle (introduction stage, growth, maturity, saturatio n and decline stages), including disposal, are considered. Operation Management/Marketing Interface—this is concerned with finding out what the customers like and see as important. This is necessary to produce what the customers want. Operation Management/Finance Interface — this is an area that comprises of the cash value of the company. It roughly estimates the financial worth of the firm. Service Operations — this consolidates the characteristics of services that go into production. Operations Strategy — this lays down the strategies the company will follow in production. It should agree with the overall strategies of the company. Process Design and Improvements — this manages all the innovations within the company. All the innovations are protected by this section of operation management. It also seeks financial assistance for the innovations. All these activities can be broadly classified as follows: Strategic level includes such aspects Th e number, location, and size of warehousing and other facilities needed by the company. Development of partnerships as the desirable arrangements with suppliers, distributors, and customers. Creating effective communication channels. Controlled product life cycle management. Where and when to buy products. Agreeing all the strategies of the company. Tactical level suggests such actions Finding contracts for the company. Decisions involving scheduling and planning of production. Customer satisfaction decisions Transport and logistics decisions Knowing the competitors Operational level suggests Planning production and distribution Scheduling- for all manufacturing plants of the company. Estimating future demand. Managing inventory- receiving and storage of stock Accounting for system failures and leakages Weaknesses of current purchasing and inventory management Reliance on forecasts: The current purchasing (procurement) system of the company is over reliant on forecasts whic h are based on the past trends. While this is a good practice, it is worth noting that the quality of the results obtained is highly dependent on the quality of data used to generate them. Employee competence often influences the quality of forecasts. In order to solve this problem, mechanisms to train employees should be put in place. Excessive focus on reducing costs: Viverra motors is interested in supporting its â€Å"one price – lowest price† concept. Focusing solely on this concept is a potential area of weakness. This may encourage the purchasing managers to choose price over quality. Low priced service parts may not meet the customers’ expectations. If this happens, the customer might end up in spending more in the long run. This has the potential to damage the reputation the company has worked hard to gain. This concept is a good concept, but if not executed correctly, it can permanently damage the reputation of the company.Advertising We will writ e a custom report sample on Viverra Motors Company Operations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unplanned acquisition: The new acquisition appears to have been hurried and not well planned. It is the fourth dealership in a metropolis of over one million people. The nature of the new dealership makes it difficult for Viverra motors to maximize profits. The company relies on fast movement of goods and high volume of sales to make profit. The new â€Å"auto-supermarket† requires more space because it deals with more than one make of car. This can also bring undue competition to existing dealerships of Viverra motors. This competition can arise if the new dealership will focus on the production of stock cars and service parts which are already being sold by other dealerships. Economies of scale will be hard to realize in such a setting. Poor selection of suppliers: The system is currently relying on a great number of supp liers. This is a potential danger for the company. Each supplier has its own way of doing things and the company may suffer a setback when it has to deal with many suppliers. It may slow down the progress of the company. Increased cost of running business: cost of running business will keep going up as the company increases the number of dealerships and products in each dealership. More products require more space. The company is already experiencing financial constraints brought in by the new dealership. Poor location design: The metropolis has a population of one million people. There is an additional half a million people outside the metropolis (Masters, 1993). This gives the company an estimated target customer population of one and half million people. This total population is not commensurate with the number of dealerships in the metropolis. Acquiring new dealerships will saturate the market leading to decreased volume of sales.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Possible solutions to the problems In order to circumvent the problems mentioned above, the following recommendations should be considered. Outsourcing: the company should outsource some of the activities that do not constitute its core business. This will enable the company to focus on key competencies while letting others do some things on its behalf. The company should identify companies that can provide services of the required quality at a lower cost. Services such as warehousing can be outsourced. The company is experiencing shortage of space, and it means that partners should be sought to provide this crucial service. This will ensure that Viverra motors saves money that can be used to finance the core business. Provision of service parts can also be outsourced to a reputable partner. However, since the company has gained a good reputation in servicing and repairing vehicles, it should retain it. This aspect of the business is crucial to the company as it attracts new custome rs and helps retain existing customers. Outsourcing is critical to any company as it enables it to run the business effectively and efficiently. Co-owning: instead of acquiring new businesses, the company can opt to buying some stakes in companies it is interested in. Viverra motors should have acquired some shares in the new dealership as this would have enabled it to share logistics management and inventory management responsibility. Each partner would then bring in its key competencies and enable the dealership to move to great heights in terms of customer service and profit maximization (Lee, and Billington, 1993). Focus on quality: the company should focus more on customer satisfaction and quality of services offered (Ketchen, Hult, 2006). The quality of the products and services should meet or exceed customer expectations at all times. Focusing on cost of the end product only diverts attention from the customer. This may result in a situation of self preoccupation. Customers do not want to deal with companies that are preoccupied with self image. Just- in- time inventory management: the company has run out of space, thus it is in a great need of using innovative methods of inventory management. A lot of expenses will be reduced if the company does not hold stock for long (Cooper, Lambert, Pagh, 1997). Just-in-time is system of inventory management that ensures a company does not stay with any particular stock longer than it is necessary. This system enables a company to order stock just before it is needed. After stock is received, it spends a short time in the company’s warehouses thus reducing cost of warehousing and creating a room for new orders. This system requires very accurate forecasts and reliable suppliers. If the suppliers are not reliable, then the company will not incur the cost of missing the stock. This cost can be huge and make a great damage to a company (Cohen, and Lee, 1989). This system also ensures that the time a product s pends in the supply chain is shortened. Money saved can be used to run other aspects of the business. The system will also encourage the company to invest in what the customers want and, as a consequence, minimize the wastage. Supplier selection: Viverra motors can benefit from careful selection of suppliers. A thorough research and background check of the suppliers will enable the company to establish a partnership with reputable and reliable suppliers (Mentzer, 2001). Some suppliers may provide products cheaply but, at the same time, with inferior quality. Some may provide high quality goods but at a very high cost. Both situations are undesirable for Viverra motors. Viverra motors should aim at striking a balance between cost and quality of products. The suppliers who are reliable are selected. Transport and logistics: efficient transport and logistics systems should be put in place. This ensures that the amount of time spend on movement of products along the supply chain is sign ificantly reduced (Rainbird, 2004). This will reduce operating costs in the long run. This can either be done through outsourcing these activities or through improvement of existing systems. If necessary, the company can put in place radio frequency identification system (RFID). This system will enable purchasing managers to monitor the movement of stock in real time. However, this system may be expensive to install and run. It may require additional training for the users. Restructuring suggestions As Viverra motors prepares itself for the future, both current and expected customer expectations should be put in perspective. Future aspirations of the company should be in line with the expectations of its customers (Greenberg, 2002). Viverra motors should estimate the number of customers it intends to serve in the future. This can be calculated using past customer numbers. The managers can work out the rate of annual increment in customer numbers and use it to forecast the future num bers at any particular time in the future (Houlihan, 1985). In order to meet the current customer demands and move into the future with ease, the following structural changes may be implemented. Know Customer: Viverra motors needs to invest in research in order to understand its customers better. Each customer is unique but some share common traits. Investing in this research will enable the company to provide what the customers want at the right time. Customers will be divided into various customer segments or, in other words, market segments. Each segment gets unique products and attention depending on the need of customers. Market segmentation is a great marketing tool. Products are marketed differently to different groups. Continual Rapid Improvement: the company should continue improving its products and services to meet current customer demands. The company can invest in self improvement techniques. The improvement should be comparable with changes in customer demands. Unifie d Purpose: all the dealerships, though, representing different brands and segments of the market should have a unified goal. All the dealerships need to work together as a team to achieve a common goal. Unity purpose helps reduce potential conflicts in the company. Know the Competition: the company should invest in mechanisms to know its competitors. This is because modern completion fronts are in the supply chain management. Viverra motors should use this to structure its supply chain management to be in line with that of its partners. Focus: the focus of the company should be changed. The company should avoid focusing so much on acquisitions. It should instead shift the focus to customer satisfaction and profit maximization. Organize Resources: resources should be organized in such a way that the most urgent and most important obligations are met in the first place. Invest in Human Resources: the company should focus on hiring new staff in areas that are critical to the operation of the company (Ballou, 1992). Staff should be reduced or completely relieved of their duties in areas that the company can outsource the services. Maintain Equipment: the company should maintain existing equipment in order to ensure that their after sales service segment works well. The company can also invest in new equipment to boost its repair services. Cut Flow Time: the company should cut the time a product spends in the supply chain. This can be done through development of systems that can help minimize wastage and maximizes on the available time. Visibility Management: Viverra motors needs to invest in brand visibility. It should strive to be more visible in the market than its competitors. This may be translated to increased customer numbers hence increased revenue. Conclusion This paper is focused on the operation management that is implemented in the Viverra motors and the ways of its improvement. Having analyzed a number of researches on the given topic, as well as a Ca se Study, we have come to a conclusion that Viverra motors should position itself for the future. In order to do this correctly, several structural adjustments need to be implemented. The company needs to adjust its purchasing and inventory systems to match with those of its customers. Some of the changes that have been suggested earlier in this paper include slowing acquisition. The company should instead focus on co-owning. The company should also invest in logistics and transportation systems. References Ballou, RH 1992, Business Logistics Management, 3rd. Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Cohen, MA Lee, HL 1989, ‘Resource Deployment Analysis of Global Manufacturing and Distribution Networks’, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management, vol. 2, pp. 81-104. Cooper, MC Ellram, LM 1993, ‘Characteristics of Supply Chain Management and the Implications for Purchasing and Logistics Strategy’. The International Journal of Logistics Managem ent, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 13-24. Cooper, MC, Lambert, DM Pagh, J 1997, ‘Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics’. The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol 8, Iss 1, pp 1–14. Greenberg, D 2002, ‘Just-In-Time Inventory System Proves Vulnerable to Labor Strife’, Los Angeles Business Journal. Web. Houlihan, JB 1985, ‘International Supply Chain Management’. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, vol. 15 no. 1, pp. 22-38. Ketchen JrG Hult, TM 2006, ‘Bridging organization theory and supply chain management: The case of best value supply chains’, Journal of Operations Management, vol. 25 no. 2, pp. 573-580. Lee, HL Billington, C 1992, ‘Supply Chain Management: Pitfalls and Opportunities’, Sloan Management Review, vol. 33, pp. 65-73. Lee, HL Billington, C 1993, ‘Material Management in Decentralized Supply Chains’. Operations Research, vol. 41 no. 5,pp. 835-847. Masters, JM 1993, ‘Determination of Near-Optimal Stock Levels for Multi-Echelon Distribution Inventories’, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 14 no. 2, pp. 165-195. Mentzer, JT. et. al. 2001, ‘Defining Supply Chain Management’, Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1–25. Rainbird, M 2004, ‘A Framework for Operations Management: The Value Chain’, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, vol. 34, no. 3/4, pp. 337–345. This report on Viverra Motors Company Operations Management was written and submitted by user Simone Potts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why Form A Corporation †Business Essay

Why Form A Corporation – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Nowadays more and more businesses have formed into corporation. There is no doubt about the advantages of corporation, such as easier rise capital, no limited number of members, unlimited life†¦One of the most popular advantages of corporate is the unlimited liability for shareholders and management and sometimes it is described as â€Å"corporate veil†. This veil keeps shareholders and managers from liabilities and sometimes responsibilities. To further understand the meaning of corporate veil, we need to trace back to Europe where corporate entities began to develop. The earliest idea of corporate is invented by Roman. As the development of commence and law system, corporation is given legal personality, which means that corporation is treated as an artificial entity. Corporation can held assets, borrow money in the title of corporation and sue or be sued. Thompson in the Cornell Law Review: â€Å"As a general principle, corporations are recognized as legal entities separate from their shareholders, officers and directors. Corporate obligations remain the liability of the entity and not of the shareholders, directors, or officers who own and/or act for the entity.† This idea of separated entity was carried out for pure convenience so that companies can have the function of holding monies, entering into contracts and appearing in court. However, this idea gives a veil to shareholders and managers and protect them form liabilities. This is why corporation is sued or sue, rather then the broad managers. In practical, there are several disputes over the â€Å"veil†. Sometime the â€Å"veil† is misused. For the sake of justices, courts may lift the veil and look at what is inside the veil; shareholders and managers are no longer protected or covered by the veil. As it is defined in some articles, â€Å"piercing of the veil is an allegorical term which purports to describe how courts can search behind the corporate entity and, if necessary, to hold individuals personally liable for wrongs, thereby preventing operators and owners from claiming immunity as separate entities from the company†. This power is given by communal law and Corporate Act. Advantages of corporate veil: There are several advantages of limited liability. According to Ramsay, lan and Noakes, David article , we can derive three main advantages of limited liability. Firstly, the limited liability reduces shareholders incentive to monitor on corporations’ daily business. Because shareholders only liable up to the price of shares they purchase, they will have less incentive to monitor the operation of business than someone may take his private assets to cover company’s debt. Further more, limited liability makes shareholders less risky so that increases shareholders’ willingness to invest in companies and also reduce the administration expenses for company due to less monitor by shareholders. Secondly, limited liability keeps companies’ wealth and managements work efficient. This can be explained by free transfer shares. If we assume there is an absence of limited liability, when we transfer shares from one to another, the price of share would consist with two elements. One part would affect by the company’s wealth, and the other one would depend on other shareholders’ wealth due to the unlimited liability. In fact, the concept of limited liability increases the liquidity of shares and promotes free transfer. As a result, when managers run a company in inefficient condition, shareholders will sell out their shares. This action would contribute to the possibility of a takeover by another entity and replace the older management with a more efficient one. This is how the limited liability keeps companies’ wealth and managements work efficient. Thirdly, limited liability indicates a solution to reduce risk for both shareholders and finance managers. As well know, for the sake of reducing risk investors usually invest in different companies’ share. This consistence of different investment is called portfolio. I would say the foundation of operating a portfolio is the concept of limited liability. If the liability is unlimited, any failure in one of the investments could sacrifice gains on others and might even require investor’s personal assets. In this point of view, on the contract of reducing risk, invest in a portfolio actually increase the risk of investors. Consequently, investors would like to reduce the number of different shares they invest and only hold shares which they are confident. Last but not list, this could be the most arguable one. Limited liability prevents insolvent trading. When directors realize there is a situation of insolvent occurred. Because fear of personal responsible for debt, directors might make decision to continuing to trade rather then the proper action, apply for bankrupt ion. However some people argued that as well as the concept of limited liability prevent insolvent trading, it is main reason to cause company being insolvent because managers don’t take personal responsibility for their decisions. I do not agree with this point of view. Also management might not take personal responsibility for their decisions as I described before if the management act in a very poor way, shareholders would sell out their shares and a takeover would occurred and replace the current management with a more efficient one. On the other hand, mangers or directors are not always protected by the veil in any situations. Sometimes, the court might deici de to lift of the veil or sometime called piercing the veil; make directors or managers to take personal responsible for their action. I would emphasis on this issue later. Disadvantages of corporate veil: As I mentioned above, there are several advantage for corporate veil and it well explains why corporate veil exist and accepted by public. However, in practical, as well as the concept of limited liability improves or promotes the business, it also causes a lot of troubles. First of all, limited liability shields shareholders and managements from company’s debt. If the company goes bankrupted, shareholders could claim for the protection of limited liability and them only loss the money up to the amount they bought shares. Creditors can not ask shareholders to cover company’s debt by shareholders private assets. When such issue occurred, on the one hand, shareholders and managers are protected, on the other hand, creditors are sacrificed. The other disadvantage of corporate veil is that it encourages managers to take risky action. When we first look at this, it seems like to be a advantage of corporate veil. From managers or directors point of view, because limited liability shields them from company debt, they can concentrate on their work and give less attention about ongoing risks. However, this could be a disadvantage for company, if managers or director pay less attention to the ongoing plans or actions; this could make the company more risky. When a project gives higher return and reasonable greater risk, managers or directors of company with limited liability would more tend to chose high return and high risk for the sake of profit maximization. The concept of limited liability also contributes to another problem. As we know, limited liability keeps managers and directors from company debt, in fact creditors are sacrificed. Sometimes one company’s insolvency could cause a chain effect.. Why lift the veil: The word lifting or piercing the veil is quite a new word for public. â€Å"The narrowest definition of piercing the veil is for a court to ignore the corporate veil in order to find the shareholders liable for some wrongdoing committed on behalf of the company. An alternative, and wider, definition would be one where a court examines what is occurring within the company entity in order to make a decision as to the behavior or relationship of the controllers, rather than just assuming separateness of the company form its owners and controllers.† According to the definition of lifting or piercing of the veil, court sometimes would ignore the concept of separate entity for company. â€Å"A successful piercing of the veil by a third party means that individuals cannot claim the protection of the separate company entity or the limited liability of a shareholder. They may be held personally responsible for the actions of that company.† As it is well known, limited liability works as foundation of company law, why both common law and corporations Act give court power to ignore it? The concept of limited was development as requires arose. However, it is far from perfect. It actually works as the designers expected, at the same time it was also misused for some illegal purpose. For the sake of providing justice, court sometimes may lift the veil. Is the veil misused: Dose misusing of corporate veil triggers court to carry out actions such as lifting or piercing the veil? To answer this question, we should first look at if the veil is misused. The purpose of developing corporate veil was to protect management and shareholders from companies’ debt. Corporate were treated as a separate entity, corporate should sue of sued instant of management. However, is it fair or right to protect managers or shareholders from any debts or responsibility? I would like to introduce some cases from our life to prove the veil sometime is misused. â€Å"Artedomus Pty Ltd (Artedomus) was formed in 1998 to import from Italy marble and other stone products for retail to the prestigious end of the building industry. The evidence showed that the company expended money and time to travel to Italy and source its stone products from little known quarries in remote regions of Italy. In particular, Artedomus sourced a limestone known as Modica from the province of Ragusa, Sicily which it marketed as Isernia in Australia. Artedomus had an exclusive contractual agreement with its Italian supplier and, over time, Isernia became the company’s largest selling product. The deliberate change of the stone’s name was designed to serve a strategic purpose, namely, to avoid revealing its place of origin and to keep competitors at bay. The evidence showed that considerable efforts were made by Artedomus to conceal the source of Isernia and that secrecy in that regard was of real value to the company. Precautions taken to ensure this outcome included instructing the employees not to disclose the source of products nor the name of the supplier to clients or persons in the stone industry.† Before we look at the court’s decisions, according to the concept of corporate veil, company is treated as a separated entity. The company should be sued instant of management. However, due to the nature figure as an artificial entity, the actual decisions are carried out by directors or managers. In this case, if we fulfill the concept of corporate veil, directors and managers and other relevant staffs would be shielded from their responsibility, and this is not the purpose of carrying out the concept. We would say in this case, the veil is misused. The above case is only one situation of misusing corporate veil. In our normal life, there are lots of cases that the corporate is misused. For the sake of justice, courts will lift the veil and look at what happed inside the veil. Does this achieve â€Å"justice†: The purpose of lifting the corporate veil is to provide â€Å"justice†. First we should understand what justice is. â€Å"As Lord Denning, one of England’s greatest judges, suggested: ‘It is not a product of intellect but of spirit. The nearest we can go to defining justice is to say that it is what right-minded members of the community-those who have the right spirit within them-believe to be fair.’† According to this definition, we can derive that the concept of corporate veil provides justice. Some people may argue that the concept of separate entity sacrifice creditors. This is unfair. I would say this is true, but the concept achieves a majority people’s justice. â€Å"Yale Law Journal, Douglas and Shanks said:† limited liability is now accepted in theory and in practice. It is ingrained in our economic and legal systems. The social and economic order is arranged accordingly. Our philosophy accepts it. It is legitimate for a man or group of men to stake only a part of their fortune on an enterprise†. One question would come to our mind. If the concept of corporate veil provides justice, will the action of breaking or ignoring the concept provide justice? I have no argument about the idea that it is reasonable for a man or group of people such as shareholders only loss limited fortune when the company goes insolvency. Back to the case I introduced above, Artedomus Pty Ltd was considered as conducting a fraud. I would say neither makes all shareholders responsible nor shield all managements from wrongdoing provide justice in this case. â€Å"The court actually decided that Mr Savini and Mr Del Casale, employees and directors of Artedomus, breathed their equitable duties of confidentiality to Artedomus.† Court lifted the veil and made some individuals responsible for their wrongdoing instant of claim all shareholders are responsible or shield everyone from their wrongdoing. We can conclude that the action of lifting or piercing the veil do provide justices. When should the veil be lift: As I introduced before, the concept limited liability for companies has played the role of fundamental for setting up our economic orders. For that reason, courts are reluctant to ignore the concept of separate entity and make shareholders responsible for company’s debt. Although both Corporate Act and Common law give courts power to lift the veil, they set up little rules to indicate in what circumstance courts would ignore the veil. As an article says: â€Å"Australia’s view of veil piercing could be summarized as: (1) an acceptance of the Salomon principle; (2) a reluctance to pierce; (3) actual piercing as the need arises; (4) no predictable set of principles by which the courts will or will not pierce.† However, if we analyses cases that make court take action to lift the veil, they dose give us some idea about in what circumstances courts would like to lift the veil. When then company is operated by a shadow director. â€Å"A shadow director is a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of the company are accustomed to act.† Further more, shadow director could be a nature person also could be a parent company. When the company carry out a fraud or try to avoid legal obligations, court would tend to lift the veil and make individual responsible for their action. Like the case we introduce previously, Artedomus Pty Ltd is considered as fraud and court decided to lift the veil. In circumstances that courts recognize the veil is abused, such as parent company use subsidiaries or individual use the veil as sham. Courts would like to lift the veil and make individuals responsible to creditors and claim their personal assets to cover the debt. Anything should be down to improve it: Although there are some disadvantages of corporate veil, the action of lifting the veil dose play a role to overcome it and exam weather the veil is misused. However, as the action of lifting the veil still under develops, there are some improvements I would like to state in my essay. Firstly, courts should clearly indicate in what circumstance court would lift the veil. In fact, companies have no idea when the court will take an action. It is better to make it clear to companies what is forbidden and what should subject to. Another improvement is to encourage the development of Deed. A deed is set up by a group of voluntary companies for the sake of protect creditors right. Members of Deed will be responsible for others’ debt when one of the members becomes unable to cover his debt. This approach protects creditors’ right and avoids the chain effect. However, due to some reasons, the number of joined companies is always low roughly about 10% of total number of companies in Australia. Further research should be taken about how to improve current situation. 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Definition and Examples of a Climax in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of a Climax in Rhetoric In rhetoric, climax means  mounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in parallel construction (see auxesis), with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of an experience or series of events. Also known as  anabasis, ascensus, and the marching figure. A particularly forceful type of rhetorical climax is achieved through anadiplosis  and gradatio, sentence constructions in which the last word(s) of one  clause  becomes the first of the next. Examples Out of its vivid disorder comes order; from its rank smell rises the good aroma of courage and daring; out of its preliminary shabbiness comes the final splendor. And buried in the familiar boasts of its advance agents lies the modesty of most of its people. (E. B. White, The Ring of Time)It may, perhaps, be fairly questioned, whether any other portion of the population of the earth could have endured the privations, sufferings and horrors of slavery, without having become more degraded in the scale of humanity than the slaves of African descent. Nothing has been left undone to cripple their intellects, darken their minds, debase their moral stature, obliterate all traces of their relationship to mankind; and yet how wonderfully they have sustained the mighty load of a most frightful bondage, under which they have been groaning for centuries! (Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, 1845)My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in deat h beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it.Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will some day come to pass for all the world. (Edward M. Kennedy, Tribute to Senator Robert F. Kennedy, June 8, 1968) This is the Court of Chancery; which has its decaying houses and its blighted lands in every shire; which has its worn-out lunatic in every madhouse, and its dead in every churchyard; which has its ruined suitor, with his slipshod heels and threadbare dress, borrowing and begging through the round of every mans acquaintance; which gives to monied might, the means abundantly of wearying out the right; which so exhausts finances, patience, courage, hope; so overthrows the brain and breaks the heart; that there is not an honourable man among its practitioners who would not givewho does not often givethe warning, Suffer any wrong that can be done you, rather than come here! (Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1852)There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied? We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, ca nnot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negros basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by a sign stating For Whites Only. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. (Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream. August 28, 1963) When we send our young men and women into harm’s way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they’re going, to care for their families while they’re gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world. (Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope, 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address) The Lighter Side of a Rhetorical Climax There are only three things I really care about, [Arthur Merivale] added, with the air of one who is half in jest.They are?Cricket- and a career- and- and you! ...[Muriel] picked another plum and continued chaffing him.Its really nice to know for certain that you approve of me. Still you are dreadfully, painfully honest. Just think where I come in the scale of your affections! First the bat, then the bar, and then- poor me!She laughed brightly at his discomfiture.But the scale was crescendo, he pleaded. You was a rhetorical climax.(Cecil Headlam, The Marriage of Mr. Merivale. Knickerbocker Press, 1901)

The Ocean at the end of the lane Research Paper

The Ocean at the end of the lane - Research Paper Example The book begins with a funeral taking place and ends with death. Neil Gaiman uses stories to keep the dark at bay. He also believes that the stories that are most effective are the ones with plenty of darkness within them. He effectively uses this throughout the novel. The narrator in this novel remains unnamed, he returns to Sussex to bury his relative, who is also unidentified. At one time while driving to visit the house he once lived in, he finds a lot of changes that one might only expect to occur after passage of many years. However, one thing that has not changed is a red-brick farmhouse that was once inhabited by Lettie Hempstock, his childhood friend. The book blends children’ and adults’ world and also blends reality and magic. The writer creates a dream universe which is made up of a ghost world characterized by lurking monsters and shadows. This world is seen through the eyes of a seven year old hero, Sussex and the afterlife, monstrous and magical, mundane and supernatural, a father-son conflict later and the clash of gods (Neil, 2013). He introduces another character who commits suicide in a car after been overcome by guilt of gambling away a lot of savings. The narrator then meets Lettie, a strange, self-confident country girl. The writer brings in a theme of association between money with death. Lettie and her family are creatures who only exist outside of time so as to prevent destruction caused by malevolence like the one of the suicide. This theme becomes clearer as Lettie introduces the narrator to duck pond, which she calls an ocean and in it floats a fish that has choked to death. Mystery starts to come in when the narrator one morning wakes up and mysteriously finds a shilling stuck in his throat. He immediately thinks the ghost of the opal miner has attacked him and he runs to the Hempstocks’ for help. Lettie then guides the narrator into another

Theory and models of peace operations in terms of its legitimacy Research Paper

Theory and models of peace operations in terms of its legitimacy - Research Paper Example The ICC was established as an independent institution that is bound to be independent of other institutions such as the United Nations. With the major view of providing justice across the board the institutions set up has faced abundant challenges1. Major Challenges The challenges regarding the implementation of justice at the international level can well be discussed by analyzing those institutions mandated to carry the foresaid tasks. There exist major problems faced by these institutions of justice that curtail them in carrying out its important tasks. In this regard any staff working at the International Criminal Court from the senior level staff to the junior staff have queried on the priorities they ought to put in place to make the institution workable. Moreover the court has put question forward on how it will be able to deal with the emerging challenges.The greatest limitations faced by the implementers of justice are inadequate reach of jurisdictionand permissibility regime . The Rome statute recognizes the sovereignty of global states. Thus for Rome statute to be exercised to sovereign state the state in question must be a member to the Rome statute. Meaning that institution of the court must be able to exercise express jurisdiction in that particular state.The founders of the Rome statute and the international criminal court innovated two systems of operations2. ... or else unwilling to carry out prosecution or investigation.Another major challenge faced these institution is the principle of cooperation that must be derived from the member state. As stated above this institution as stipulated by the statute have to recognize and respect the sovereignty of the member states. The institutions lack major facility to carry out its own investigations and hence has solely rely with the member state to furnish them with the required set of materials. In this context the institutions continue to reveal majorweakness and are not able to carry out crucial investigations. In addition it not warranted that thestate affected will provide evidence or materials required another grave challenge faced by these institutions is the fact that the member states are widely spread in terms of geographical distance. This fact hampers investigators carry out proper investigation to the impending cases. Many member states countries are rural based and situated making it unsafe and dangerous to carry investigation in the reserve localities. Role of the International Actors in Solving Conflicts The role played by these institutions is important. In a bid to gain confidence from the world citizenry, the actors must consolidate their development to efficient and credible institution that will act across international board. It is also paramount that such institutions must show impartiality in the conduct of their mandate. For instance the international criminal court has to proof to the world in conduct it work that it’s free from political biasness neutral and objective. The most important role that can be played by the actors is giving express powers to the arms of the institution in order to carry out its function with utmost authority. For instance the

Verbal Communication Paper Essay Example for Free

Verbal Communication Paper Essay Communication can occur in two different ways, verbally and non-verbally. Whether it is verbally or non-verbally, it plays a important part in certain areas of the criminal justice system. With in this paper we will discuss the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication in the following areas police situation when concerning the press or a public announcement, courtroom setting when testifying, corrections facility when dealing with employees, peers, and inmates, and juvenile facilities when dealing with employees, peers, and inmates. It is important to know how to handle yourself within your law enforcement career when you are called upon to address the public. When dealing with the public you the public and press there are things that are ok to say and discuss and there are things that should not be said or discussed. According to our text in chapter six page 28, many officers encounter stage fright when having to speak to an informal group of people or the press and media, but as with anything practice does make perfect, the more the officer encounters situations such as this, it becomes easier to speak in public. When the officers is addressing an informal group, he or she needs to remember one key thing, and that they need to stick to the facts of the crime, and not give out more information that what is needed to be known by the general public. Now those rules may apply for informal settings, but for formal settings the situation is usually different. There are different guidelines that should be followed to help the officer speech to flow in a smooth manner. First thing first, they may want to draft a speech, now when drafting a speech it is important that they follow the following steps: 1. Prepare an outline of the topics that you will be discussing, this will help you stay on topic and assure that you will not stray from topic or give any information that should not be given. 2. Draft an outline of the main topics that you are willing to discuss, and limit it to three or four topics. By doing this it help you be able to focus on these important topics and your able to relay a clear and concise message. 3. Revise and rewrite the outline a few times to ensure that you have the right information and that you are relaying the correct information that you would like to relay. 4. Practice your speech, remember we write differently than we actually speak, so it is important that your practice your speech several times. 5. Prepare an outline and make sure that you deliver the speech in the order you have written in your outline. Also you should know the subject matter well prior to giving your speech, this way you are able to give an educated answer to any question that may come up. 6. When writing a speech, always try to start at the middle or the end, because the most difficult part will be the beginning. Usually when you begin in the middle or the end the beginning tends to write itself. (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). Those were some of the steps to delivering a successful speech according to our text. When dealing with the media, which most law enforcement will at some point in their career, can be very difficult, especially if you are not prepared and you are not fully educated on the topic in which you are speaking of to the media. Although many agencies have begun to utilize public affairs officers, there are standard operating procedures that police officers that are on the street when unexpectedly approached by a report they have procedures that they need to follow (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). These procedures are put in place to ensure conformity amongst the department (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). As you can see when dealing with the media it is very important at you are doing and saying the right things, or what you said or did can be mistaken for something else, and can ultimately have a large effect on the case that you may be working on . When an officer is in court and is called to testify, the communication is very important, because based on what he pr she says can ultimately help the jury to make a decision on whether to convict or drop the charges against the accused. In some cases an officer may be asked to give an affidavit of said events. According to our text in chapter eight page 109, there are two types of affidavits that can be retrieved. The first one is serves as evidence to assist the court in the decision of an issue or the determination of certain facts and those used to invoke the judicial process. The second type of affidavit is a certificate that is used in civil courts to provide evidence that a party has been officially notified of a pending court proceeding. Good officers usually prepare for court, in the same way that they prepare for giving a speech (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). For instance an officer may want to drive the scene of the crime, just to remember what took place on that day and what thoughts went through his mind that day when he arrived at the crime scene. That way he is well informed, and has the ability to give educated answers to the questions that he may be asked by prosecution or the defense attorneys. This also will create creditability to the officer’s testimony. It is also very critical that the officers go of the case file, so that they are even better informed of the series of events, because just as the officers are overworked so are the prosecutors. Many times the prosecutor is depending on the officers to carry their own testimony, without to much of their assistance (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). Just as there are steps to being successful when giving a speech there are steps to being a successful witness, and they are as follows: 1. Telling the truth 2. Do not guess, if you do not know say so. 3. Be sure you have a clear understanding of the question, you cannot give a honest answer if you do not understand the question 4. Take your time and answer the question answer, make sure you give as much thought to your answer to formulate an educated answer. 5. Make sure you give a loud and audible answer. 6. Do not look for assistance when you are on the stand from anyone, if you feel as though you need help request it from the judge. 7. Be aware of questions with distance involving distance and time, and if you are not sure of the exact distance or time, make sure that you make it clear that you are estimating. 8. Be courteous at all times 9. If asked if you have talked to the prosecutor, be honest and answer whether or not you have or not. 10. Avoid making jokes or wisecracks, because a lawsuit is a serious matter (Wallace and Roberson, 2009). According to our text these are the Ten Commandments that a witness should know, whether you are a seasoned officer or you are a rookie officer, these rule go across the board for everyone. Communication in the prison atmosphere is quite different than the normal communication on a day to day basis for an officer. For example many officers do not realize how much they need learn and mast verbal de-escalations skills until they work in a prison setting, where all of their weapons are taken from them. This is one of the best weapons for a correctional officer, they must be able to keep control of the prisoners with minimal to no weapons at all and they do that by utilizing their verbal de-escalation tactics. When an officers is within the prison system they must be a to calm an inmate down with just the sound of their voice, if they are not able to do that it can escalate to a very dangerous situation for the officer. Officers need to know what to say and when to say what when dealing with prison inmates, because depending on the situation they may make the situation worse, than better. Officers receive several hours of training in this type of technique, while a part of the academy, to ensure that they understand the importance of the communication with inmates. Not only is there communication with the inmates important, but also there communication with their peers are just as important for the officer. The officer should know how to speak with their fellow officer regarding certain situation. Also they need to know what not to say or do with their peers to ensure that they are following certain policies. For instance male officers need to make sure that they are not offending female officers just as female officers need to ensure that they are not offending male officers, it is a two street. This is something that transcends criminal justice and is just a normal practice of every profession not just criminal justice. It is important that you respect your peers at work and treat them the way that you would want to be treated. Also it does not just stop with the officer, this also applies to supervision staff, it is important that they speak to their staff with respect and courtesy at all times. For example I personally am a supervisor and I oversee approximately 50 associates on a daily basis, and it is very important that I treat every associate with respect and courtesy at all times. The moment that I do that I become a liability to the company, and I can be sued for many different reasons, just depending on the situation. Communication within the correctional setting is the same across the board whether the officers is within the men’s prison, women’s prison, or a juvenile correctional facility, the officers my utilize there verbal skills to de-escalate issues, they cannot always depend on weapons. As you can see communication is very important to the criminal justice systems. If the steps that were given to you in this paper are not followed then they could have serious consequences. In closing communication is not only important in the criminal justice system, but it is important in many different settings, but communication for the criminal justice system is key because that is how offenders are convicted and not let go, based on a technicality. Reference Wallace and Roberson (Ed.). (2009). Written and Interpersonal Communication: Methods for Law Enforcement . Chapter 6: Prentice Hall. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from CJA363. Wallace and Roberson (Ed. ). (2009). Written and Interpersonal Communication: Methods for Law Enforcement . Chapter 8: Prentice Hall. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from CJA363 Wallace and Roberson (Ed. ). (2009). Written and Interpersonal Communication: Methods for Law Enforcement . Chapter 1: Prentice Hall. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from CJA363

Year 10 pre 1914 drama coursework :: English Literature

Year 10 pre 1914 drama coursework How does the presentation of Jo in a taste oh honey by Sheilagh Delaney link to the â€Å"kitchen sink drama† genre, popularised in the 1950’s and 1960’s In a taste of honey Helen is the mother of Jo. Helen and Jo both live together and they have just moved into a small bed-sit. Helen often argues with Jo. Jo, Later on in the play, has a black boyfriend, who, in the play, is only known as boy In a taste of honey all the characters experience a little bit of pleasure in their life. Helen marrying Peter, Jo and the black boy. However they all have to pay for this pleasure. Jo gets pregnant and the black boy leaves. Helen leaves Jo for peter and when this doesn’t work out Helen comes back to Jo. In the play Jo is subject to neglect. This is because her mother, Helen, leaves her alone at 15 to fend for herself. â€Å"I’ll be seeing you. Hey! If he doesn’t show up I’ll be back† This is the start of the period when Helen leaves Jo. At this stage in the play the readers don’t know if Jo will survive for long without Helen. Peter however se this and gives Jo a pound to have so she could buy food to eat. Jo’s role in the play is to show what it would be like in those times to be a single expectant mother. She also has the purpose of showing us how parents have influences on their children: for example Jo was created after Helen and Jo’s dad had a one-night stand. â€Å"I didn’t do it on purpose. How was I supposed to know that you’d materialize out of a little love affair that lasted 5 minutes?† this shows that Jo was a mistake and that Helen was an unmarried mother. However no matter how hard she tried Jo made that same mistake as Helen. In the 1950’s and 1960’s Jo would be called illegitimate because Helen wasnÂ’t married when Jo was conceived. However in today’s times Jo would not be called illegitimate because there are lots of people who have children before they get married. Helen doesn’t treat Jo with a lot of respect, as she doesn’t often tell however she is going. She also doesn’t support Jo when she needs her the most. Jo in this time left school at 15 because she didn’t have a full education so she wouldn’t have been able to get a properly paid job. This is typical of a kitchen sink drama because in those drama’s they were all about real

Prompt: with Growing Age, One’s Loses Essay

We live in a world of war and violence, where every second news item is tragic and disturbing. As children growing up, we are protected from the horror of the real world; shielded by our parents who nurture us with infinite care and love, taking care to ensure that we are safe from the awfulness and pain of the real world we find ourselves in. In an attempt to preserve our innocence as children, our parents throw upon us a veil that conceals us from the horrific truth of the adult world. However, this veil isn’t completely shielding, and slowly, one by one, the truth of the real world is revealed to us. Our childish innocence diminishes until eventually not a single drop is left; the warm sympathy in our hearts is sucked out, replaced by a cold insensitivity to everything that we see. Our reality becomes deformed, twisted into a world of detachment. The first day of prep is a big day in each of our lives; it is the day we first become exposed to the problems of the outside world, beyond the shelter of the veil placed upon us by our parents. We begin to see throughout our schooling career, what our parents had tried so hard to protect us from. As we progress through school, the harsh realities of the real world become apparent to us, yet our innocence as children withholds till the day we see ourselves peering at the end of our schooling career. Up until the last day of year twelve, we are exposed to many of the harsh realities of the world, but we do not encounter fully the pitilessness of the world that we live in; and hence, our innocence and compassion towards others stays with us throughout school. The last day of year twelve is a day of great joy and happiness for all of us; it is the day we think we are leaving behind all the harsh experiences of our schooling careers and diving head first into a friendly, easy-going world. However, this last day of school fizzles out for the rest of our lives; the world we are heading into as we leave school is not the friendly, easy-going world that we had anticipated in our minds during high school. The joy of leaving school is short felt, and disappears within a moment’s time of entering the workforce or university. The adversity of life outside of the nurture and care of our parents’ veil of protection becomes a sudden realization that takes many people by surprise and forces them to harden their hearts. Cold insensitivity seeps into each person, slowly devouring the warmth and compassion within their hearts; eventually leaving behind individuals who see in their reality, the world as a harsh and unforgiving place, deserving no sympathy or compassion. The childish innocence that our parents strived to preserve has been lost, and the joy of the last day of school, long forgotten. Soon we lay on our deathbeds, having become veterans to the true horrors of the world that we were born into. Our cold insensitivity to the harsh reality of the world we live in has completely replaced the innocence and compassion we once had in our hearts as children. The joys of our childhood, when we had a veil placed over us by our parents, are no longer present in our memories. Our reality has been altered so dramatically over the course of our lives that the reality we had as children no longer seems identifiable to us. We die peacefully, but having experienced everything but peace in our adult lives.

Analysis of the Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Societies Essay

There are many types of societies, but three of the most prevalent types are the preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial. The preindustrial society is very limited by its agricultural focus. Industrial societies use advances in technology and mass production to support a large population with three distinct social classes. In postindustrial societies the focus shifts from mass production to technological innovation. Preindustrial societies are primarily agricultural, and because of this there is little variation of social classes. The production of goods was limited by the agricultural nature of these societies, which left little time for much else. Due to a lack of fast communication between communities, the cultures didn’t mix and any technological advancement was not shared. Agricultural based societies were replaced with industrial societies which were based on the use of machines to produce goods. Industrial societies are constantly changing thanks to technological innovations, so fast communication is essential. People started living in cities and urban areas, and began working specialized jobs. New medical technology and improved living conditions extended life expectancy. Family became less important, and the influence that religion once had started to diminish. In postindustrial societies the sale of goods is replaced by services as the main form of economic activity. Knowledge becomes essential as innovation begins to drive the economy. The value of the blue-collar worker declines, as the value of skilled professionals increases. These are the three most widespread types of society. The preindustrial society relies on agriculture. Industrial societies use advancements to support a large population with specialized workers. Postindustrial societies focus technological innovation to run the economy.

Bacteria reproduction essays

Bacteria reproduction essays Bacteria are microscopic singular celled organisms grouped in the prokaryote kingdom. They have a seemingly simple internal structure but that is not so the internal structure of a bacterium is quite complicated . Bacterial growth is generally studied in cell cultures by visible count estimation which shows an apparent growth curve. (Stephenson 50) The growth curve shows the stages of bacterial growth within a cell culture. (Thimann 623). Bacteria can survive in a number of different extreme environments from extreme heat to little water. Bacterium have a internal structure that is more complicated than it seems at first. The first part of the bacterium is the plasma membrane which is a selectively permeable barrier that is the boundary of the cell. (Prescott 40) The next portion of a bacterium is the cytoplasmic matrix. The cytoplasmic matrix is the substance lying between the plasma membrane and the nucleoid. (Prescott 45) Although it is generally featureless in a microscopes it can be packed with ribosomes and is generally highly organized. (Prescott 45) The next one is the nucleiod of a bacterium.(Prescott 40) This is the area within a bacterium in which the genetic material of the cell is located. (Prescott 49) The nucleiod itself is not defined by a membrane but is an irregularly shaped region of the cell. (Prescott 50) The gas vacuole of a bacterium is used for buoyancy in aquatic environments. (Prescott 40) This is demonstrated by filling a bottle with Cyanobacteria stopping it with a stopper and then hitt ing the stopper with a hammer.(Prescott 45) The sudden pressure increase causes the gas vacuole to collapse so the bacteria sink to the bottom of the bottle.(Prescott 47) The inclusion bodies within a bacterial cell are storage for different substances such as carbon, phosphate and other substances. ( Prescott 40) The cell wall of Bacteria gives the bacteria shape and protects it from the outside environme...

The Names of Colors in Italian

The Names of Colors in Italian You want to tell your friend the color of the Vespa you want to buy, the type of wine you were drinking, or the hue of the sky while you were on a hilltop in Florence, but how do you say the colors in Italian? To start, here are the most common thirteen along with a list of subtle and unique  blends. Basic Colors Red – Rosso Lei porta sempre un rossetto rosso. - She always wears red lipstick. Pink – Rosa Ho comprato un vestito rosa per la festa. - I bought a pink dress for the party. Purple – Viola Ho dipinto le unghie di viola. - I painted my nails purple. TIP: Unlike other colors, you don’t have to change the ending of â€Å"rosa† or â€Å"viola† to match the object it’s describing. Orange – Arancione La sua macchina nuova à ¨ arancione ed à ¨ troppo sgargiante per i miei gusti. - Her new car is orange, and it’s too bright for my tastes. Yellow – Giallo Stava leggendo un giallo con una copertina gialla. - He was reading a mystery novel with a yellow cover. TIP: â€Å"Un giallo† is also a mystery novel or thriller. Green – Verde Mi piace vivere in Toscana, in mezzo al verde. - I like living in Tuscany, in the middle of the green. Blue – Azzurro Ho gli occhi azzurri. - I have blue eyes. Silver – Argento Gli ho regalato un cucchiaio d’argento per la loro collezione. - I gifted them a tiny, silver spoon for their collection. Gold – Oro Cerco una collana d’oro. - I’m looking for a gold necklace. Gray – Grigio Il cielo à ¨ cosà ¬ grigio oggi. - The sky is so gray today. White – Bianco Non voglio indossare un vestito da sposa bianco, ne preferisco uno rosso! - I don’t want to wear a white wedding dress, I prefer a red one! Black – Nero Calimero à ¨ un pulcino tutto nero con un cappellino bianco in testa. - Calimero is a black chick with a white little cap on his head. Brown – Marrone Mamma mia, lei à ¨ bellissima, ha gli occhi marroni e lunghi capelli castani. - Oh my goodness, she’s beautiful, she has brown eyes and long, brown hair. TIP: You would use â€Å"marrone† to describe the color of someone’s eyes, like â€Å"gli occhi marroni†, and you would use â€Å"castano† to describe the color of someone’s hair â€Å"i capelli castani†. Dark Colors If you want to talk about dark shades, you can just add the word scuro at the end of each color. Dark red – Rosso scuroDark green – Verde scuroDark blue - Blu TIP: â€Å"Blu† is understood all its own to be a darker shade. Light Colors Here are some lighter shades: Baby blue – CelesteBaby pink – Rosa confettoLight green - Verde chiaroLight blue - Azzurro TIP: Like â€Å"blu†, â€Å"azzurro† on its own is usually understood as light blue. Unique Colors Shiny/glossy red – Rosso lucido Stavo pensando di comprare una Vespa di color rosso lucido, che ne pensi? - I was thinking about buying a shiny red Vespa, what do you think? Vermilion red - Rosso vermiglione Rimango sempre affascinata dalla tonalit di rosso vermiglione dei dipinti di Caravaggio. - I’m always attracted by the red vermilion shade used by Caravaggio in his paintings. Hot pink – Rosa shocking Non mi piacciono per niente i vestiti di colore rosa shocking, non sono eleganti. - I don’t like hot pink clothes at all, they’re not elegant. Blue green – Verde acqua Mi sono innamorato dei suoi occhi verde acqua. - I fell in love with her blue green eyes. Lilac – Lilla Il lilla à ¨ un colore davvero rilassante. - The color lilac is really relaxing. Maroon – Bordeaux Il mio colore preferito à ¨ bordeaux. - My favorite color is maroon. Hazel brown – Nocciola Ho comprato le lenti a contatto affinchà © potrei avere degli occhi color nocciola. - I bought contact lenses so that I could have hazel brown eyes. Italian Expressions with Colors Heart of gold – Cuore d’oroNot all that glitters is gold. – Non à ¨ tutto oro quel che luccica.Sweet dreams – Sogni d’oroBlack sheep (of the family) - La pecora nera

The Impact of Migration on Hotel Management in Bucharest Research Paper

The Impact of Migration on Hotel Management in Bucharest - Research Paper Example Since many Romanians are leaving for work abroad, there is a general lack of unqualified labor in Romania and this migration process has been rather continuous leading to economic and social impact on the labor market of Romania. The focus here is on the hotel industry and the perspectives for hotel management that brings out several issues about the hospitality and tourism sector in Romania and in Europe. Here the specific focus is on the tourism industry because tourism and hotel industry is an important part of the developing economy of Romania. The hotel industry is Romania is dependent on several factors including the levels of service, the workforce available, the tourists and visitors to Romania and Romanian and world economy, condition of the tourism industry in general. In one relevant study, Nield et al (2000) discussed the importance of levels of service in the hotel industry and the differences in levels of satisfaction. In this research proposal the methodology as also the background and further analysis of the research data are given along with the research questions, the literature review provides the basis for research and the questionnaire prepared aims to bring out the impact of migration and the state of the economy on the hotel and tourism industry of Romania as asked to 100 respondents working within the tourism/hotel industry and based in Bucharest. Background The hotel industry in Romania is as dependent on tourists as it is dependent on the workforce and the amount of unskilled labor. In fact the hotel industry is largely dependent on unskilled or low skilled labor comprising of cleaners, hotel supervising staff, clerks, security and doormen, concierge staff, taxi drivers, car drivers, bus

Security Policy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Policy Analysis - Essay Example Greater emphasis is also placed on personal accountability and responsibility of cyber security. Section 111(a) stipulates the supremacy of the Act in accordance with other laws relating to cyber security. According to my personal view, this section mimics the supremacy of the Constitution. It distinctly states how the Act, shall supersede very provision, statute, regulation, state rule, that expressly commands comparable cybersecurity practices developed for the purpose of protecting critical infrastructure. The policy is important in dealing with information security program management. It stipulates the structure for various agencies on now to prevent, assess and even manage cyber security risks. Additionally, it provides a network for federal agencies and other stakeholders to communicate and discuss new developments in cyber terrorism. According to Borene, every federal agency has a distinct role in policy enforcement. On a general basis, each party is tasked with being at the forefront of responsible global cyber engagement, enhancing information sharing and facilitating efforts to increase awareness, training and education to the general population (Borene, 2011). The lack of clear policy enforcements leads to cyber terrorist attacks on government agencies, loss of information and privacy and loss of billions of dollars on an annual basis. One such incident is the cyber-attack on Blue Shield and Anthem Blue Cross in February 2015. Even though no medical information was compromised, the incident breached notification laws at the state level. When technology moves faster than policy, there are many cases of financial loss and exploitation, such as the period before the establishment of the open data policy, an open source project by the U.S

Analysis of the market for Beats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of the market for Beats - Essay Example The product has been featured in numerous music videos and ad campaigns that have created a very high profile image for the brand and its products (Libby, and Tregarthen 34). The numerous endorsements by celebrities have made it very glamorous to be associated with the brand. That explains the large number of young people wearing the headphones and earphones around their necks. School going children and young working adults all possess or wish to own a pair of Beats headphones or earphones. Other than the popularity that the product has gained from celebrity endorsements, the brand produces high-quality products. The sound quality of the audio devices is much higher when compared to the competitor products. The bass produced by the earphones is appreciated by music lovers of specific genres such as hip-hop, dance and electronic music. The market in the United Kingdom is promising for products produced by Beats. In fact, the BPI released statistics that suggest that companies dealing with technology would enjoy transacting business in the United Kingdom. The UK has 64.1 million resident citizens. Of this population, 12% are young adults who are between the age of 16 and 24. This accounts for 7.1 million young adults which are the target market for beats. In the past five years, according to BPI, there was an increase in sales made by the technology sector accruing to $11 billion. The sales in smart-phones and tablets accounted for the majority of growth in the technology sector. Music was among the key driving factors for this massive growth in sales. This is because the United Kingdom was found to purchase more music related products than other first world countries by approximately 25%. All these facts indicate that Beats doing business in the United Kingdom would be a profitable endeavor. Beats  is  a household name in every country on the globe. However, this does not mean that it is the only producer of quality audio devices; especially in the United